WHAT IS A PROBLEM?

Problem is a thing that creates difficulty and uncertainty. Problem is a situation which should be solved because of creating difficulty and uncertainty. Moreover, a problem prevents or complicates reaching the target.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem

WHAT DOES METHOD MEAN?

The word “method “has a Greek origin. It is synthesis of “meta” and “od”; “meta” means right and “od” means way. It is the route which is used to reach the desired aim. Method is the systematically planning way. And also, there can be many technique to solve the problem; method is one of these technique.

http://www.answers.com/topic/method?cat=technology

WHAT DOES METHODOLOGY MEAN?

Methodology consists of three main steps:

· To gather data and information

· To analyze the data and information gathered

· To identify the method

Methodology analyzes the methods and relationships between the methods. It develops new methods.

http://irn.uit.tufts.edu/research_planner/documents/6/methodology_tips.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodology

WHAT DOES THEORY MEAN?

Theory is deep rooted hypothesis. (In the below, mean of hypothesis will be explain.) A theory is accepted when it is verified multiple times by objective some researchers. One scientist can not a theory. Theory is only developed by scientific method. At this point, development of theory is consist of some steps. These steps are determining the problem, observation, hypothesis, test, publication, verification. After these steps, theory exists if it is consistent with hypothesis. If it is not, hypothesis is changed. Theory can be changeable, although; it is proved with experiments, data and observations. Theory is theory and is not changeable as long as there is no better rival.

http://wilstar.com/theories.htm

http://www.toplumdusmani.net/modules/wordbook/entry.php?entryID=240

WHAT DOES HYPOTHESIS MEAN?

In scientific method, after determining the problem, the situation hypothesizes with the observations and research in order to solve the problem. Hypothesis must be consistent with all data. Hypothesis is suitable to predict the new facts. It consists of solution to the problem. And also, it must be testable by new experiments and observations. The most important part of scientific method is hypothesis. This is because, it has probable three results.

· If it is proved and verified by observations and experiments, this becomes fact.

· If it is supported with new facts, it can be theory or law.

· If it is disproved, it is discarded.

In scientific method, it is too important to find true way.

http://wilstar.com/theories.htm

http://www.toplumdusmani.net/modules/wordbook/entry.php?entryID=240

WHAT DOES PARADIGM MEAN?

Although it has many means, According to Thomas Kunn who give this word contemporary meaning, paradigm is beliefs, rules, values and conceptual-experimental organs which are used by define scientific method to cross-question the nature and to find relations between things. Paradigm is not cumulative, on the contrary; it develops with demolition and has revolutional and jumping process in the permutation terms. A paradigm is demolished by another better paradigm when a paradigm cannot solve the problems generally. However, a paradigm is not a mechanism which solves all problems; it ignores some problems up to increasing the problems seriously. Paradigm is template which shows how can approach the situation. Paradigm is like glasses. In addition, individual can comment the events with easiness and scantiness of the glasses.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigm

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigma

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigma

WHAT IS STRATEGY?

The origin of word, “strategy” is military and means planning and management of military operation which is aimed to be successful. Planning and result are important parts of event. In general, strategy is a thing that consists of whole tactics in the way through the final victory. Strategy directs the actions when it plans the actions. Strategy is not developed according to insufficiency of us. It is also based on the insufficiencies and predictions of competitors’ actions. A strategist should have a big mouth, a big nose, big ears and big eyes to approach the problems effectively. All senses of strategist always should be open to gain advantage from his competitors’ weakness. Strategy can be explain better when it associates with game theory. A game consists of players, strategies and utility function. Utility function is expected profit or loss function by every player. Players choose suitable strategy according to their utility function. At this point, ever time strategy is not one. And also, game does not finish all time in favor of one player; it can provide profit to both players. At this point, the thing that manipulates the game is strategy.

http://www.canaktan.org/yonetim/stratejik-yonetim/strateji-kavrami.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy

http://www.toplumdusmani.net/modules/wordbook/entry.php?entryID=1895

WHAT IS PLAN?

Plan is design for business to achieve. Before the business is done, plan is prepared to show how to do the business. The aim of planning is to determine the lower cost, the most effective and efficient way for action which will be done. The plan is process of decisions which are practiced in the future to achieve the goals.

http://www.odevsel.com/egitim/2304/plan-nedir-yapilacak-bir-array-isin-onceden-tasarlanmasidir-neyi-ne-zaman.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan

WHAT IS CONTROL?

Control is the function to direct or manage. The aim of control is preventing the problems in the process. As a management function, control sets standards, measures actual performance and takes corrective action. Control is the main step after planning and strategy.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control

http://www.brainyquote.com/words/co/control147765.html

WHAT IS MODEL?

The etymologic origin of model is French word “modéle”. Model can be define as active or inactive prototype which is miniaturized. Another definition of model (is important) is expression of facts related to physical life with meaningful symbols. And also, model is idealization of fact and reduced confusion to simply, -in other words- simplification. When composing the model, there are some assumptions which ignore some facts. Therefore, a model never satisfies fact completely. However, to reach the fact, modeling is certainly necessary. When other things are constant, the thing which is investigated is variable. This method is called ceteris paribus and also important technique of modeling and analyses.

WHAT IS SNOWBALL EFFECT?

Snowball effect is becoming larger increasingly of insignificant and small things. This effect can be dangerous and also can be beneficial. There is an analogy with rolling and gaining volume snowball.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowball_effect

WHAT IS WATERFALL DIAGRAM?

Waterfall model is also called the linear sequential model or the software life cycle. It can be defined as a paradigm to approach the problems. It consists of these steps in the waterfall diagram.Waterfall diagram is at below.

http://scitec.uwichill.edu.bb/cmp/online/cs22l/waterfall_model.htm

WHAT DOES VALIDATION/VALIDITY MEAN?

Validation is the test of validity. It consists of a process of testing the systems, devices or methods to show that they are suitable or not. Validity is the best approximation to the truth of a given proposition, inference, or conclusion. Measures, designs and samples do neo have validity. However, we can say that a measure produces valid conclusions.

http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/introval.php

WHAT DOES SIGNIFICIANCE MEAN?

In English general mean of significance is important. However, in statistic –I think that this mean is important for us- significance is probably truth (not depend on chance).

http://www.surveysystem.com/signif.htm

WHAT DOES RELIABILITY MEAN?

Reliability is the probability of process that a system or a component will work without error until certain time t. And also, it is called as the consistency of measure. To say that a thing has reliability, the results we have should be approximately the same.

http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/reliable.php

WHAT DOES RELEVANCE/RELEVANT MEAN?

Relevance is the relationship between the issues which are in given information or other things. And also, relevance consists of characteristics which are pertinent, connected and applicable. In other words, it is a measure of how closely a given object. According this points, also relevant is pertinent, connected and applicable.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevance

WHAT IS AN EVENT?

Event is the occurrence which happens at a certain time and place.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_chain_methodology

WHAT IS A PROCCESS?

Process is the chain of activities which are have the common aim. It can also be defined as a changes of properties sequentially when trying to reach the result. In process, the result of one event can be reason of other events.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process

http://oeas.ucf.edu/process_analysis/what_is_pa.htm

WHAT IS A LIFE-CYCLE?

Life-cycle can be thought as a process which is from cradle to grave of products and services. It consists of whole period of a thing from the instant when it starts to instant when it ends.

WHAT DOES ITERATIVE MEAN?

It can be easy to explain and understand the meaning of iterative after knowing the iteration means. Iteration is an approach to solving the problem. And also, it is process which goes forward by improving, modernizing and correcting itself in each step. According this, iterative uses the iterations. It tries to reach the final product by improving, modernizing and correcting.

WHAT DOES SEQUENTIAL MEAN?

Sequential is in order. If the thing is sequential, you cannot pass though to third stage before second stage. If the things are sequential, they have relevance between them.

http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072822732/student_view0/chapter9/key_terms.html

CORRELATE BEAUTIFUL VS. KITSCH PICTURE TAKING EXERCISE WITH “DATA COLLECTION”, “OBSERVATION”, “ABSTRACTION” AND “AWARENESS”.

There is very close relationship between these issues: data collection, observation, abstraction and awareness. They can be explained easily with analogy between process of beautiful vs. kitsch photos. In the process of taking photos, I defined how I should take photos and the desired photos should be firstly. After I decided how the photos should be, I started to observe all around of campus carefully. This step was observation. Then, according my observations, I took many photos. This step was the data collection. However, I had a lot of photos of campus and I had to choose two photos which are really beautiful and kitsch. Finally, I choose the photos which I thought suitable –it was too hard for me-. This step was abstraction. The homework of taking beautiful and kitsch photos from campus was good for me. This is because, I became more carefully individual and I saw the things which I did not realized. Awareness was necessary and vital for this process. And also, this process gives me more awareness. I think that there is an dialectic relationship between awareness and this process. Awareness was not only necessarily of this process and also result of this process.

beautiful vs. kitsch on the campus

What Engineers Do?

Engineers apply the theories and principles of science and mathematics to the economical solution of practical technical problems. Often their work is the link between a scientific discovery and its application. In addition to design and development, many engineers work in testing, production or maintenance. They supervise production in factories, determine the causes of breakdowns, and test manufactured products to maintain quality. They also estimate the time and cost to complete projects. Some work in management or sales where an engineering background enables them to discuss technical aspects of a product and assist in planning its installation or use.

References

http://www.teachingtools.com/Slinky/engineers.html

My Preference

None of these VIP people of Industrial Engineering is my idol. This is because, these people do not think of rights of labours. Their perspective to the workers is inadequate and unjust. However,if it is obligation for me to choose one of them, I would choose Frederick Taylor. Although Taylor thinks that workers are like homo econimus, he has important contributions to science world. I think, Taylor's time motion studies will be too efficient for not only capitalist but also worker in the more equitable economic system.

Origin of Engineering

Concept of engineering is old as wheel, lever or pulley. The word “engine” has etymologic root,“ingenium” which is Latin word. Ingenium means innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention. According to this etymologic root, engineer means a person who develops clever inventions, devices. Turkish word “mühendis” which means engineer in English, has an Arabic etymologic root, “hendese”. In Arabic, ” hendese” means geometry. Therefore, mühendis means a person who is interested in geometry. In the history, engineering is separated two main branches which are civil and military engineering. Imhotep is the first civil engineering who develops the Pyramid of Djoser. In the 19^th century, engineering develops with applying positive sciences. The experiment of Alexander Volta is known as the origin of Electrical engineering. The inventions of Thomas Savery and James Watt are important contributions to the Mechanical engineering. Chemical engineering raised during the Industrial Revolution. With this revolution, new industry was created which chemistry can be used by manufacturing chemicals by the industrial plants. Another branches of engineering is the Aerospace engineering which is developed with works of Sir George Carley. After Carley, Wright Brothers contributed to Aerospace engineering with their successful flight.

Resources:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering

Beginning of Engineering Education

Civil engineering is as old as military engineering. Although, the history of civil engineering is as old as military engineering, armies begin to engineering education before universities. This is because; there are important needs about the devices and weapons. Since, armies satisfy these needs, in the armies, engineering education is begun. This education is about the mathematics and mechanic. King Louis XIV is the pioneer of the military engineering education. With the needs of humanity, professional engineering develops in the America and Asia in 19^th century. In the beginning of 19^th century, American and European education system in engineering is the same. The English mode was first used in Sheffield Scientific School at Yale and Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard. French model was developed with the French Revolution. The German model was used in Technische Hochschule or Institute of Technology. Massachusetts Institute of Technology used this model.

References
http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=rOg6B38bunIC&pg=PA17&l

Engineering as a Profession

Engineering is a profession in which the knowledge of mathematics and the natural sciences is applied with discretion and judgment to use economically the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of people. Engineers are concern with the creation of structures, devices and systems for human use. Engineering as a profession can be implied like this:

1. It satisfies an indispensible and beneficial need.

2. It requires the exercise of discretion and judgment and is not subject to standardization.

3. It involves a type of activity is conducted on a high intellectual plane based on knowledge and skills not commonly possessed by the general public.

4. It has group consciousness for the promotion of knowledge and professional ideals and for rendering social services.

5. It has legal status and requires well-formulated standards of admission.

References

Introduction to Engineering Paul H.WRIGHT

Types of Engineering

Electrical Engineering: They work with equipment ranging from heavy power generators to tiny computer chips. Their work contributes to almost every sector of society.

Electrical Engineers usually work in one of six specialty areas:

1. Power generation and transmission

2. Electronics

3. Communications systems

4. Instrumentation and measurement

5. Automatic controls

6. Computers

Computer Engineering: Computer engineering is the field of engineering responsible for the design and implementation of digital systems and the integration of computer technology into an increasing number of systems and applications. It is relatively new and rapidly growing engineering discipline with extraordinary challenges and opportunities. The rapid improvement in the computer technology has challenged computer engineers :

1. To invent hardware and software design and the tools to develop these integrated circuit chips,

2. To imagine, design and verify systems containing these chips.

Mechanical Engineering: One of the oldest and broadest areas of engineering activity, mechanical engineering, is concerned with machinery, power and manufacturing or production methods. Mechanical engineers design and manufacture machine tools –the machines that make machines- and machinery and equipment for all branches of industry.

Civil Engineering: Civil engineering affects many of our daily activities: the buildings we live in and work in, the transportation facilities we use, the water we drink, and the drainage and sewerage systems that are necessary to our health and well-being. Civil engineers:

1. Measure and map earth’s surface

2. Design and supervise the construction of bridges, tunnels, large buildings, dams and coastal structures.

3. Plan, lay out, construct and maintain railroads, highways and airports

4. Devise systems for the control and efficient flow of traffic

5. Plan and build river regulation and flood control projects

6. Provide plants and systems for water supply and sewage and refuse disposal.

Chemical Engineering: Chemical Engineering involves the application of chemistry, physics and engineering to design and operation of plants for the production of materials that undergo chemical changes during their manufacture. They select the appropriate process and arrange them in proper sequence to produce the desired product. These include.

1. Heat transfer processes

2. Mass transfer processes such absorption, humidification and drying

3. Processes that involve mechanical action such as mixing, crushing, grinding, sizing and filtering

4. Processes that involve chemical reaction, including chlorination, polymerization, oxidation and reduction.

Industrial Engineering: They are concerned with the design, improvement and installation of integrated systems of people, materials and energy in the production of either goods or services. They engineer processes and systems that improve quality and productivity. They are primarily interested in problems that involve economy in the use of money, materials, time, human effort and energy. They are more concerned with the “big picture” of industrial management and production than with the detailed development of processes.

Most of the activities of industrial engineers fall into one of four categories:

1. Those related to plant layout

2. Those designed to increase worker productivity

3. Those designed to control the quality products

4. Those designed to reduce and control costs

Aerospace Engineering: Aerospace engineering is concerned with all aspects of vehicular flight at all speeds and altitudes. It covers all phases of research, design and development in this broad area that includes hovercraft designed to operate a few feet above land and water, helicopters that hover and maneuver in all directions, a variety of conventional airplanes and complex spacecraft for orbiting the earth and exploring the solar system.

Material Engineering: The term materials refers in general way to a group of engineering specialties that are concerned with the development, production, fabrication and use of materials in specific technologies.

References

Introduction to Engineering Paul H.WRIGHT

Henry Ford and Fordism

Henry Ford is the first people who used assembly line in mass production and also founder of Ford Motor Company. Henry Ford created a new trend “Fordism” in the world with his contributions to industry. Henry Ford tried many times to produce his automobile and finally he reaches his aim and produce Model-T cars. Although Model-T cars are not easy drivable, they are not expensive to repair. Model-T car is milestone for Ford’s carrier and also for history of industry.

In the mid of 1920, Henry Ford faced many problems. Therefore, he decided to new car and created Model-A cars. After this, Company decided to change their models regularly. Today, companies use this method.

Henry Ford was a pioneer of "welfare capitalism” designed to improve the lot of his workers and especially to reduce the heavy turnover that had many departments hiring 300 men per year to fill 100 slots. Efficiency meant hiring and keeping the best workers. One of the most controversial issues about Ford was his incursion into his employees' private lives and another was his being against labor unions. He thought most of the members of these unions slow down the production to foster employement; however this action is directly restricting the economy itself. He also hired Harry Benett to avoid union actions and applied a lot of tactics to stop them.

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford

Henry Fayol

Henry Fayol is the one of the most influential theoretician of twenty century and also French minor engineer. He determines the five primary functions of management:

1-planning
2-organizing
3-commanding
4-coordinating activities
5-controlling performance

He is known as the father of modern operational management theory. He is associated with Frederick Winslow Taylor about the modern management concepts. However, there is a important difference between Taylor’s and Fayol’s perspective. As Taylor approaches to the management process from bottom up, Fayol approaches to the management process from up bottom. Fayol criticizes the Taylor’s staff analysts and advisors working with individual in functional management. According to the Fayol, each worker are ordered eight bosses without direction; (1) route clerks, (2) instruction card men, (3) cost and time clerks, (4) gang bosses, (5) speed bosses, (6) inspectors, (7) repair bosses, and the (8) shop disciplinarian.

At his book, published 1917, Administration industrielle et générale, Fayol determines 14 management principles:

1. Specialization of labour. Specializing encourages continuous improvement in skills and the development of improvements in methods.
2. Authority. The right to give orders and the power to exact obedience.
3. Discipline. No slacking, bending of rules. The workers should be obedient and respectful of the organization.
4. Unity of command. Each employee has one and only one boss.
5. Unity of direction. A single mind generates a single plan and all play their part in that plan.
6. Subordination of Individual Interests. When at work, only work things should be pursued or thought about.
7. Remuneration. Employees receive fair payment for services, not what the company can get away with.
8. Centralization. Consolidation of management functions. Decisions are made from the top.
9. Chain of Superiors (line of authority). Formal chain of command running from top to bottom of the organization, like military
10. Order. All materials and personnel have a prescribed place, and they must remain there.
11. Equity. Equality of treatment (but not necessarily identical treatment)
12. Personnel Tenure. Limited turnover of personnel. Lifetime employment for good workers.
13. Initiative. Thinking out a plan and do what it takes to make it happen.
14. Esprit de corps. Harmony, cohesion among personnel. It's a great source of strength in the organisation. Fayol stated that for promoting esprit de corps, the principle of unity of command should be observed and the dangers of divide and rule and the abuse of written communication should be avoided.

References

Genel ve endüstriyel yönetim H. Fayol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fayol

http://www.12manage.com/methods_fayol_14_principles_of_management.html

The Gilbreths

About the management studies, Frank and Lilian Gilbreth are considered together. They are not only sweet couple but also partners of each other about the management studies. They generally studied on time and motion studies. However, their studies are different from Taylor’s studies. In the management studies to become process efficient, it is essential for Taylor to reduce time; although, it is essential for Gilbreths to reduce motions.

Frank Gilbreth is not well educated and he is bricklayer. He recognized that bricklayer did not used same motions when they were laying brick. He thought to make more efficient these motions. Thanks to this study, Gilbreth reduced the time of motions from 18 to 4.5. This approach is evolved Gilbreth from ordinary bricklayer to important management engineer. His wife, Lilian Gilbreth, is also industrial/organizational physiologist and also first woman industrial engineer. They have 12 children and also they use their children in the experiment. From these studies and experiments they developed a number of tools including; the flow process charts, therblig analysis, micro-motion study using motion pictures, the chronocyclegraphy using special lighting techniques with cameras, factory layout modeling, measurement with predetermined times and more. They had studies about the industrial management theory. However, their important contributions are used many different areas.

References

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bunker_Gilbreth

http://www.telelavoro.rassegna.it/fad/socorg03/l2/Frank%20and%20Lillian%20Gilbreth.htm

http://www.kouemk.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70

Abraham Maslow

Abraham Harold Maslow is the psychologist who brings forward the Needs of Hierarchy Theory. Basically, Maslow claims that human needs are limited by other human needs. For example, if an individual is thirsty and hungry, he wants to satisfy his thirst before his hunger. This is because, thirst is stronger need than hunger. Maslow , according to his studies, developed Needs of Hierarchy Theory. This pyramid consists of stage. These stages are bottom to top:

The physiological needs: oxygen, water, protein, salt, sugar, calcium, other minerals, vitamins, to sleep, to be active, to rest, to sex, to get rid of wastes etc.

The safety and security needs: stability, protection, security, order, law limits etc.

The love and belonging needs: Friends, family, children, affectionate relationships

The esteem needs: self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc.

Self-Actualization needs: realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.

Maslow’s studies affect not only psychology world but also business world. This theory is used at management. In the management, employees’ needs are thinking to motivate people and provide the efficiency and productivity. For example, in the work place, employers have lunch breaks, rest breaks etc. This situation can be explained with the physiological needs theory. Another case, job security or safety working conditions are necessary for employees safety and security needs. In the working place, team work and social atmosphere satisfies the individual’s love and belonging needs. The rewarding of workers supplies their esteem needs. Preferment in carrier satisfies the employees’ self actualization needs. According these, we can say that an individual do not need other step needs before his first step needs are not satisfied.

References

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow_teorisi

http://www.netmba.com/mgmt/ob/motivation/maslow/

Max Weber

Max Weber is best known as one of the leading scholars and founders of modern sociology, but but Weber also accomplished much economic work in the style of the "youngest" German Historical School. Another words, Weber is founder of modern sociology. This is because, he draws the conceptual frame of modern sociology, develops logical philosophy of social science and determine the fundamental characteristic of modern industry society. Max Weber contributes the new concepts to literature. Although these points, Weber never analyses about the community. Weber is the defective science man with this characteristic.

Weber says that Protestant ethic raises the capitalism in the most famous work , The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905). According to Weber, the idea of "capitalist accumulation" was born directly out of the Protestant ethic - not because the Protestant churches and doctrines condoned acquisitiveness as such (quite the contrary), but rather quite inadvertently through its claim to productive dedication to beruf and thriftiness in consumption. The subsequent ethical "legitimization" of capitalist acquisitiveness in later society under the rubric of "greed is good" was simply a distorted statement of what was already a fact. In no sense, claimed Weber, is the capitalist ethic of "greed" the creator of "capitalist society" (however much it might later be a propagator), but, rather, quite the opposite.

His Verstehen doctrine is as well-known as it is controversial and debated. His main thesis is that social, economic and historical research can never be fully inductive or descriptive as one should always approach it with a conceptual apparatus. This apparatus Weber identified as the "Ideal Type". The idea was essentially this: to try to understand a particular economic or social phenomena, one must "interpret" the actions of its participants and not only describe them. But interpretation poses us a problem for we cannot know it other than by trying to classify behavior as belonging to some prior "Ideal Type". Weber gave us four categories of "Ideal Types" of behavior: zweckrational (rational means to rational ends), wertrational (rational means to irrational ends), affektual (guided by emotion) and traditional (guided by custom or habit).

Works of Weber

Roman Agrarian History, 1891.

"Roscher and Knies and the Logical Problem of Historical Economics", 1903-5, Schmoller's Jahrbuch.

"The Objectivity of the Sociological and Social-Political Knowledge", 1904, .

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,1905.

Economy and Society, 1914.

"Politics as a Vocation",1918.

General Economic History, 1923. - (1).

The Methodology of the Social Sciences, 1949. - (1).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber
http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/weber.htm
Bürokrasi ve Otorite M. Weber

FREDERICK WINSLOW TAYLOR

Frederick Winslow Taylor is accepted as a father of scientific management and also Taylor gave his name to Taylorism, which is a efficiency trend. Taylor founded passing the system of assembly band in the production. Everything started for Taylorism when Taylor noticed the fabric's inefficiency. According to Taylor's observation, in the fabric, the labors were soldiering, there was no scientific approach about the productivity, the time was not used efficiently etc. Taylor tried to present solutions to problems that he observed. Taylor constructed the solutions by thinking that working class’s good is common with the capitalists’ good. In the great work of Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management, says “The principal object of management should be to secure maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for the employee. Taylor’s studies were based on this approach.

v STUDIES

Taylor’s studies based on the efficiency of the using the time. These studies are known as time and motion studies. According to Taylor, scientific management becomes the work more efficient and incentive than movitating workers. There are some examples of Taylor’s experiments:

§ Pig Iron If workers could lift 12.5 tons of pig iron per day, they are fails when they are said to lift 47.5 tons of pig iron per day because of tiring. However, workers would lift 47.5 tons of pig iron per day without tiring when there are logical planning about the optimal timing of lifting and resting. Not all workers are capable of lifting 47.5 tons of pig iron per day. This observation shows that workers should be selected according to how well they are suited for a particular job.

§ Science of Shoveling

Taylor determines the optimum weight, which workers should be lift in a shovel, 21 pounds. According to this determination, Taylor suggests that special shovels which lift 21 pounds should be made for every different material.

According to many experiment about productivity, Taylor brought forward many principles of scientific management:

· Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks.

• Scientifically select, train, and develop each worker rather than passively leaving them to train themselves.

• Cooperate with the workers to ensure that the scientifically developed methods are being followed.

• Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks.

Taylor’s Studies are very important for manufacture process and they are milestone of industrial productivity. These studies contain manufacture and management process. Taylor is the father of industrial engineering because of these contributions.

References

http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/dea453_653/ideabook1/thompson_jones/Taylorism.htm
http://www.bilgiyonetimi.org/cm/pages/mkl_gos.php?nt=291
http://www.cftech.com/BrainBank/TRIVIABITS/FredWTaylor.html
Bilimsel Yönetimin İlkeleri F.W.Taylor